a live attenuated oral vaccine in capsule formulation for people aged over 6 years. an injectable vaccine based on the purified antigen for people aged 2 years and above and. These vaccines do not provide long-lasting immunity (requiring repeat or booster doses) and are not approved for children younger than 2 years old: Two additional vaccines have been used for many years in older children and adults at risk of typhoid, including travellers. Typhoid conjugate vaccine, consisting of the purified Vi antigen linked to a carrier protein, is given as a single injectable dose in children from 6 months of age and in adults up to 45 years or 65 years (depending on the vaccine). Access to safe water and adequate sanitation, hygiene among food handlers and typhoid vaccination are all effective in preventing typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is common in places with poor sanitation and a lack of safe drinking water. Have their doctor test to ensure that no Salmonella Typhi bacteria remain in their body. This will lower the chance of passing the infection on to someone else. Wash their hands with soap and water after using the bathroom and avoid preparing or serving food for other people. Take prescribed antibiotics for as long as the doctor has prescribed. It is important for people being treated for typhoid fever to do the following: Antimicrobial resistance is common with likelihood of more complicated and expensive treatment options required in the most affected regions.Įven when the symptoms go away, people may still be carrying typhoid bacteria, meaning they can spread it to others, through shedding of bacteria in their faeces. 
Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics. Typhoid risk is higher in populations that lack access to safe water and adequate sanitation, and children are at highest risk. However, the disease continues to be a public health problem in many developing areas of the WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions.Īs of 2019 estimates, there are 9 million cases of typhoid fever annually, resulting in about 110 000 deaths per year.
Improved living conditions and the introduction of antibiotics resulted in a drastic reduction of typhoid fever morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Epidemiology, risk factors and disease burden Typhoid fever can be confirmed through blood testing. Severe cases may lead to serious complications or even death. Symptoms include prolonged high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhoea. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, increasing resistance to antibiotic treatment is making it easier for typhoid to spread in communities that lack access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation. Urbanization and climate change have the potential to increase the global burden of typhoid. Once Salmonella Typhi bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi.
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